En trigonometría , as identidades trigonométricas son igualdades que implican funcións trigonométricas e son verdadeiras para cada valor das variábeis que se producen para as que se definen ambos os dous lados da igualdade. Xeométricamente, estas son identidades que implican certas funcións dun ou máis ángulos . Son distintas das identidades de triángulos , que son identidades que poden implicar ángulos mais que tamén inclúen lonxitudes de lados ou outras lonxitudes dun triángulo .
O triángulo sombreado en azul ilustra a identidade
1
+
cot
2
θ
=
csc
2
θ
{\displaystyle 1+\cot ^{2}\theta =\csc ^{2}\theta }
, e o triángulo vermello mostra que
tan
2
θ
+
1
=
sec
2
θ
{\displaystyle \tan ^{2}\theta +1=\sec ^{2}\theta }
.
A relación básica entre o seno e o coseno vén dada pola identidade pitagórica:
sin
2
θ
+
cos
2
θ
=
1
,
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta +\cos ^{2}\theta =1,}
onde
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta }
significa
(
sin
θ
)
2
{\displaystyle (\sin \theta )^{2}}
e
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }
significa
(
cos
θ
)
2
.
{\displaystyle (\cos \theta )^{2}.}
Isto pódese ver como unha versión do teorema de Pitágoras , e dedúcese a partir da ecuación
x
2
+
y
2
=
1
{\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=1}
para a circunferencia unitaria . Esta ecuación pódese resolver tanto para o seno como para o coseno:
sin
θ
=
±
1
−
cos
2
θ
,
cos
θ
=
±
1
−
sin
2
θ
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin \theta &=\pm {\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }},\\\cos \theta &=\pm {\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}.\end{aligned}}}
onde o signo depende do cuadrante de
θ
.
{\displaystyle \theta .}
Dividindo esta identidade por
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta }
,
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta }
, ou ambos os dous, proporcionan as seguintes identidades:
1
+
cot
2
θ
=
csc
2
θ
1
+
tan
2
θ
=
sec
2
θ
sec
2
θ
+
csc
2
θ
=
sec
2
θ
csc
2
θ
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&1+\cot ^{2}\theta =\csc ^{2}\theta \\&1+\tan ^{2}\theta =\sec ^{2}\theta \\&\sec ^{2}\theta +\csc ^{2}\theta =\sec ^{2}\theta \csc ^{2}\theta \end{aligned}}}
Usando estas identidades, é posíbel expresar calquera función trigonométrica en termos de calquera outra (ata un signo máis ou menos):
Cada función trigonométrica en función de cada unha das outras cinco.
en función de
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin \theta }
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc \theta }
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos \theta }
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec \theta }
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta }
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot \theta }
sin
θ
=
{\displaystyle \sin \theta =}
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin \theta }
1
csc
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\csc \theta }}}
±
1
−
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}
±
sec
2
θ
−
1
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}{\sec \theta }}}
±
tan
θ
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\tan \theta }{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
1
1
+
cot
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}}}
csc
θ
=
{\displaystyle \csc \theta =}
1
sin
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sin \theta }}}
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc \theta }
±
1
1
−
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
sec
θ
sec
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sec \theta }{\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
±
1
+
tan
2
θ
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}{\tan \theta }}}
±
1
+
cot
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}}
cos
θ
=
{\displaystyle \cos \theta =}
±
1
−
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}
±
csc
2
θ
−
1
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}{\csc \theta }}}
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos \theta }
1
sec
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sec \theta }}}
±
1
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
cot
θ
1
+
cot
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\cot \theta }{\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}}}
sec
θ
=
{\displaystyle \sec \theta =}
±
1
1
−
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
csc
θ
csc
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\csc \theta }{\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
1
cos
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\cos \theta }}}
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec \theta }
±
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}
±
1
+
cot
2
θ
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1+\cot ^{2}\theta }}{\cot \theta }}}
tan
θ
=
{\displaystyle \tan \theta =}
±
sin
θ
1
−
sin
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sin \theta }{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
1
csc
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
±
1
−
cos
2
θ
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}{\cos \theta }}}
±
sec
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}}
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta }
1
cot
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\cot \theta }}}
cot
θ
=
{\displaystyle \cot \theta =}
±
1
−
sin
2
θ
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}\theta }}{\sin \theta }}}
±
csc
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\sqrt {\csc ^{2}\theta -1}}}
±
cos
θ
1
−
cos
2
θ
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {\cos \theta }{\sqrt {1-\cos ^{2}\theta }}}}
±
1
sec
2
θ
−
1
{\displaystyle \pm {\frac {1}{\sqrt {\sec ^{2}\theta -1}}}}
1
tan
θ
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\tan \theta }}}
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot \theta }
Examinando a circunferencia unitaria, pódense estabelecer as seguintes propiedades das funcións trigonométricas.
Se unha liña (vector) con dirección
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
reflíctese sobre unha liña con dirección
α
,
{\displaystyle \alpha ,}
daquela o ángulo de dirección
θ
′
{\displaystyle \theta ^{\prime }}
desta liña reflectida (vector) ten o valor
θ
′
=
2
α
−
θ
.
{\displaystyle \theta ^{\prime }=2\alpha -\theta .}
Os valores das funcións trigonométricas destes ángulos
θ
,
θ
′
{\displaystyle \theta ,\;\theta ^{\prime }}
para ángulos específicos
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
satisfán identidades simples: ou son iguais, ou teñen signos opostos, ou empregan a función trigonométrica complementaria. Tamén se coñecen como fórmulas de redución (reduction formulae ).[ 1]
Desprazado por un período dun cuarto
Desprazado por un período dun medio
Desprazado por períodos completos
Período
sin
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
±
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\pm \cos \theta }
sin
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(\theta +\pi )=-\sin \theta }
sin
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\sin \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
cos
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
∓
sin
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\mp \sin \theta }
cos
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta +\pi )=-\cos \theta }
cos
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
cos
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\cos \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
csc
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
±
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\pm \sec \theta }
csc
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(\theta +\pi )=-\csc \theta }
csc
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\csc \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
sec
(
θ
±
π
2
)
=
∓
csc
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=\mp \csc \theta }
sec
(
θ
+
π
)
=
−
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(\theta +\pi )=-\sec \theta }
sec
(
θ
+
k
⋅
2
π
)
=
+
sec
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(\theta +k\cdot 2\pi )=+\sec \theta }
2
π
{\displaystyle 2\pi }
tan
(
θ
±
π
4
)
=
tan
θ
±
1
1
∓
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{4}})={\tfrac {\tan \theta \pm 1}{1\mp \tan \theta }}}
tan
(
θ
+
π
2
)
=
−
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta +{\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=-\cot \theta }
tan
(
θ
+
k
⋅
π
)
=
+
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(\theta +k\cdot \pi )=+\tan \theta }
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
cot
(
θ
±
π
4
)
=
cot
θ
∓
1
1
±
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(\theta \pm {\tfrac {\pi }{4}})={\tfrac {\cot \theta \mp 1}{1\pm \cot \theta }}}
cot
(
θ
+
π
2
)
=
−
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(\theta +{\tfrac {\pi }{2}})=-\tan \theta }
cot
(
θ
+
k
⋅
π
)
=
+
cot
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(\theta +k\cdot \pi )=+\cot \theta }
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
O signo das funcións trigonométricas depende do cuadrante do ángulo. Se
−
π
<
θ
≤
π
{\displaystyle {-\pi }<\theta \leq \pi }
e sgn é a función signo ,
sgn
(
sin
θ
)
=
sgn
(
csc
θ
)
=
{
+
1
if
0
<
θ
<
π
−
1
if
−
π
<
θ
<
0
0
if
θ
∈
{
0
,
π
}
sgn
(
cos
θ
)
=
sgn
(
sec
θ
)
=
{
+
1
if
−
1
2
π
<
θ
<
1
2
π
−
1
if
−
π
<
θ
<
−
1
2
π
ou
1
2
π
<
θ
<
π
0
if
θ
∈
{
−
1
2
π
,
1
2
π
}
sgn
(
tan
θ
)
=
sgn
(
cot
θ
)
=
{
+
1
if
−
π
<
θ
<
−
1
2
π
ou
0
<
θ
<
1
2
π
−
1
if
−
1
2
π
<
θ
<
0
ou
1
2
π
<
θ
<
π
0
if
θ
∈
{
−
1
2
π
,
0
,
1
2
π
,
π
}
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\operatorname {sgn}(\sin \theta )=\operatorname {sgn}(\csc \theta )&={\begin{cases}+1&{\text{if}}\ \ 0<\theta <\pi \\-1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-\pi }<\theta <0\\0&{\text{if}}\ \ \theta \in \{0,\pi \}\end{cases}}\\[5mu]\operatorname {sgn}(\cos \theta )=\operatorname {sgn}(\sec \theta )&={\begin{cases}+1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi }<\theta <{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \\-1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-\pi }<\theta <-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \ \ {\text{ou}}\ \ {\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi <\theta <\pi \\0&{\text{if}}\ \ \theta \in {\bigl \{}{-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi },{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi {\bigr \}}\end{cases}}\\[5mu]\operatorname {sgn}(\tan \theta )=\operatorname {sgn}(\cot \theta )&={\begin{cases}+1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-\pi }<\theta <-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \ \ {\text{ou}}\ \ 0<\theta <{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi \\-1&{\text{if}}\ \ {-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi }<\theta <0\ \ {\text{ou}}\ \ {\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi <\theta <\pi \\0&{\text{if}}\ \ \theta \in {\bigl \{}{-{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi },0,{\tfrac {1}{2}}\pi ,\pi {\bigr \}}\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}}
As funcións trigonométricas son periódicas con período común
2
π
,
{\displaystyle 2\pi ,}
polo que para valores de θ fóra do intervalo
(
−
π
,
π
]
,
{\displaystyle ({-\pi },\pi ],}
toman valores repetitivos.
Ilustración de fórmulas de suma de ángulos para o seno e o coseno dos ángulos agudos. O segmento enfatizado é de lonxitude unidade.
Estes tamén se coñecen como fórmulas da suma de ángulos.
sin
(
α
+
β
)
=
sin
α
cos
β
+
cos
α
sin
β
sin
(
α
−
β
)
=
sin
α
cos
β
−
cos
α
sin
β
cos
(
α
+
β
)
=
cos
α
cos
β
−
sin
α
sin
β
cos
(
α
−
β
)
=
cos
α
cos
β
+
sin
α
sin
β
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin(\alpha +\beta )&=\sin \alpha \cos \beta +\cos \alpha \sin \beta \\\sin(\alpha -\beta )&=\sin \alpha \cos \beta -\cos \alpha \sin \beta \\\cos(\alpha +\beta )&=\cos \alpha \cos \beta -\sin \alpha \sin \beta \\\cos(\alpha -\beta )&=\cos \alpha \cos \beta +\sin \alpha \sin \beta \end{aligned}}}
Estas identidades resúmense nas dúas primeiras filas da seguinte táboa, que tamén inclúe identidades de suma e diferenza para as outras funcións trigonométricas.
Seno
sin
(
α
±
β
)
{\displaystyle \sin(\alpha \pm \beta )}
=
{\displaystyle =}
sin
α
cos
β
±
cos
α
sin
β
{\displaystyle \sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta }
[ 2]
Coseno
cos
(
α
±
β
)
{\displaystyle \cos(\alpha \pm \beta )}
=
{\displaystyle =}
cos
α
cos
β
∓
sin
α
sin
β
{\displaystyle \cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta }
[ 2]
Tanxente
tan
(
α
±
β
)
{\displaystyle \tan(\alpha \pm \beta )}
=
{\displaystyle =}
tan
α
±
tan
β
1
∓
tan
α
tan
β
{\displaystyle {\frac {\tan \alpha \pm \tan \beta }{1\mp \tan \alpha \tan \beta }}}
[ 2]
Cosecante
csc
(
α
±
β
)
{\displaystyle \csc(\alpha \pm \beta )}
=
{\displaystyle =}
sec
α
sec
β
csc
α
csc
β
sec
α
csc
β
±
csc
α
sec
β
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sec \alpha \sec \beta \csc \alpha \csc \beta }{\sec \alpha \csc \beta \pm \csc \alpha \sec \beta }}}
[ 3]
Secante
sec
(
α
±
β
)
{\displaystyle \sec(\alpha \pm \beta )}
=
{\displaystyle =}
sec
α
sec
β
csc
α
csc
β
csc
α
csc
β
∓
sec
α
sec
β
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sec \alpha \sec \beta \csc \alpha \csc \beta }{\csc \alpha \csc \beta \mp \sec \alpha \sec \beta }}}
[ 3]
Cotanxente
cot
(
α
±
β
)
{\displaystyle \cot(\alpha \pm \beta )}
=
{\displaystyle =}
cot
α
cot
β
∓
1
cot
β
±
cot
α
{\displaystyle {\frac {\cot \alpha \cot \beta \mp 1}{\cot \beta \pm \cot \alpha }}}
[ 2]
Arcoseno
arcsin
x
±
arcsin
y
{\displaystyle \arcsin x\pm \arcsin y}
=
{\displaystyle =}
arcsin
(
x
1
−
y
2
±
y
1
−
x
2
y
)
{\displaystyle \arcsin \left(x{\sqrt {1-y^{2}}}\pm y{\sqrt {1-x^{2}{\vphantom {y}}}}\right)}
Arcocoseno
arccos
x
±
arccos
y
{\displaystyle \arccos x\pm \arccos y}
=
{\displaystyle =}
arccos
(
x
y
∓
(
1
−
x
2
)
(
1
−
y
2
)
)
{\displaystyle \arccos \left(xy\mp {\sqrt {\left(1-x^{2}\right)\left(1-y^{2}\right)}}\right)}
Arcotanxente
arctan
x
±
arctan
y
{\displaystyle \arctan x\pm \arctan y}
=
{\displaystyle =}
arctan
(
x
±
y
1
∓
x
y
)
{\displaystyle \arctan \left({\frac {x\pm y}{1\mp xy}}\right)}
Arcocotanxente
arccot
x
±
arccot
y
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x\pm \operatorname {arccot} y}
=
{\displaystyle =}
arccot
(
x
y
∓
1
y
±
x
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} \left({\frac {xy\mp 1}{y\pm x}}\right)}
Tn é o n -ésimo polinomio de Chebyshev
cos
(
n
θ
)
=
T
n
(
cos
θ
)
{\displaystyle \cos(n\theta )=T_{n}(\cos \theta )}
Fórmula de De Moivre , i é a unidade imaxinaria
cos
(
n
θ
)
+
i
sin
(
n
θ
)
=
(
cos
θ
+
i
sin
θ
)
n
{\displaystyle \cos(n\theta )+i\sin(n\theta )=(\cos \theta +i\sin \theta )^{n}}
Fórmulas para dúas veces un ángulo. [ 4]
sin
(
2
θ
)
=
2
sin
θ
cos
θ
=
(
sin
θ
+
cos
θ
)
2
−
1
=
2
tan
θ
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \sin(2\theta )=2\sin \theta \cos \theta =(\sin \theta +\cos \theta )^{2}-1={\frac {2\tan \theta }{1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}
cos
(
2
θ
)
=
cos
2
θ
−
sin
2
θ
=
2
cos
2
θ
−
1
=
1
−
2
sin
2
θ
=
1
−
tan
2
θ
1
+
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \cos(2\theta )=\cos ^{2}\theta -\sin ^{2}\theta =2\cos ^{2}\theta -1=1-2\sin ^{2}\theta ={\frac {1-\tan ^{2}\theta }{1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}
tan
(
2
θ
)
=
2
tan
θ
1
−
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(2\theta )={\frac {2\tan \theta }{1-\tan ^{2}\theta }}}
cot
(
2
θ
)
=
cot
2
θ
−
1
2
cot
θ
=
1
−
tan
2
θ
2
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \cot(2\theta )={\frac {\cot ^{2}\theta -1}{2\cot \theta }}={\frac {1-\tan ^{2}\theta }{2\tan \theta }}}
sec
(
2
θ
)
=
sec
2
θ
2
−
sec
2
θ
=
1
+
tan
2
θ
1
−
tan
2
θ
{\displaystyle \sec(2\theta )={\frac {\sec ^{2}\theta }{2-\sec ^{2}\theta }}={\frac {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }{1-\tan ^{2}\theta }}}
csc
(
2
θ
)
=
sec
θ
csc
θ
2
=
1
+
tan
2
θ
2
tan
θ
{\displaystyle \csc(2\theta )={\frac {\sec \theta \csc \theta }{2}}={\frac {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }{2\tan \theta }}}
sin
(
n
θ
)
=
∑
k
impar
(
−
1
)
k
−
1
2
(
n
k
)
cos
n
−
k
θ
sin
k
θ
=
sin
θ
∑
i
=
0
(
n
+
1
)
/
2
∑
j
=
0
i
(
−
1
)
i
−
j
(
n
2
i
+
1
)
(
i
j
)
cos
n
−
2
(
i
−
j
)
−
1
θ
=
sin
(
θ
)
⋅
∑
k
=
0
⌊
n
−
1
2
⌋
(
−
1
)
k
⋅
(
2
⋅
cos
(
θ
)
)
n
−
2
k
−
1
⋅
(
n
−
k
−
1
k
)
=
2
(
n
−
1
)
∏
k
=
0
n
−
1
sin
(
k
π
/
n
+
θ
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin(n\theta )&=\sum _{k{\text{ impar}}}(-1)^{\frac {k-1}{2}}{n \choose k}\cos ^{n-k}\theta \sin ^{k}\theta =\sin \theta \sum _{i=0}^{(n+1)/2}\sum _{j=0}^{i}(-1)^{i-j}{n \choose 2i+1}{i \choose j}\cos ^{n-2(i-j)-1}\theta \\{}&=\sin(\theta )\cdot \sum _{k=0}^{\left\lfloor {\frac {n-1}{2}}\right\rfloor }(-1)^{k}\cdot {(2\cdot \cos(\theta ))}^{n-2k-1}\cdot {n-k-1 \choose k}\\{}&=2^{(n-1)}\prod _{k=0}^{n-1}\sin(k\pi /n+\theta )\end{aligned}}}
cos
(
n
θ
)
=
∑
k
par
(
−
1
)
k
2
(
n
k
)
cos
n
−
k
θ
sin
k
θ
=
∑
i
=
0
n
/
2
∑
j
=
0
i
(
−
1
)
i
−
j
(
n
2
i
)
(
i
j
)
cos
n
−
2
(
i
−
j
)
θ
=
∑
k
=
0
⌊
n
2
⌋
(
−
1
)
k
⋅
(
2
⋅
cos
(
θ
)
)
n
−
2
k
⋅
(
n
−
k
k
)
⋅
n
2
n
−
2
k
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos(n\theta )&=\sum _{k{\text{ par}}}(-1)^{\frac {k}{2}}{n \choose k}\cos ^{n-k}\theta \sin ^{k}\theta =\sum _{i=0}^{n/2}\sum _{j=0}^{i}(-1)^{i-j}{n \choose 2i}{i \choose j}\cos ^{n-2(i-j)}\theta \\{}&=\sum _{k=0}^{\left\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }(-1)^{k}\cdot {(2\cdot \cos(\theta ))}^{n-2k}\cdot {n-k \choose k}\cdot {\frac {n}{2n-2k}}\end{aligned}}}
cos
(
(
2
n
+
1
)
θ
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
2
2
n
∏
k
=
0
2
n
cos
(
k
π
/
(
2
n
+
1
)
−
θ
)
{\displaystyle \cos((2n+1)\theta )=(-1)^{n}2^{2n}\prod _{k=0}^{2n}\cos(k\pi /(2n+1)-\theta )}
cos
(
2
n
θ
)
=
(
−
1
)
n
2
2
n
−
1
∏
k
=
0
2
n
−
1
cos
(
(
1
+
2
k
)
π
/
(
4
n
)
−
θ
)
{\displaystyle \cos(2n\theta )=(-1)^{n}2^{2n-1}\prod _{k=0}^{2n-1}\cos((1+2k)\pi /(4n)-\theta )}
tan
(
n
θ
)
=
∑
k
impar
(
−
1
)
k
−
1
2
(
n
k
)
tan
k
θ
∑
k
par
(
−
1
)
k
2
(
n
k
)
tan
k
θ
{\displaystyle \tan(n\theta )={\frac {\sum _{k{\text{ impar}}}(-1)^{\frac {k-1}{2}}{n \choose k}\tan ^{k}\theta }{\sum _{k{\text{ par}}}(-1)^{\frac {k}{2}}{n \choose k}\tan ^{k}\theta }}}
O método Chebyshev é un algoritmo recursivo para atopar a fórmula n -ésima de ángulos múltiples coñecendo os valores de multiplicidade
(
n
−
1
)
{\displaystyle (n-1)}
e
(
n
−
2
)
{\displaystyle (n-2)}
.[ 5]
Así
cos
(
n
x
)
{\displaystyle \cos(nx)}
pódese calcular a partir de
cos
(
(
n
−
1
)
x
)
{\displaystyle \cos((n-1)x)}
,
cos
(
(
n
−
2
)
x
)
{\displaystyle \cos((n-2)x)}
, e
cos
(
x
)
{\displaystyle \cos(x)}
con
cos
(
n
x
)
=
2
cos
x
cos
(
(
n
−
1
)
x
)
−
cos
(
(
n
−
2
)
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \cos(nx)=2\cos x\cos((n-1)x)-\cos((n-2)x).}
Dedúcese por indución que
cos
(
n
x
)
{\displaystyle \cos(nx)}
é un polinomio de
cos
x
,
{\displaystyle \cos x,}
o chamado polinomio de Chebyshev do primeiro tipo, véxase Polinomios de Chebyshev .
Similarmente
sin
(
n
x
)
=
2
cos
x
sin
(
(
n
−
1
)
x
)
−
sin
(
(
n
−
2
)
x
)
.
{\displaystyle \sin(nx)=2\cos x\sin((n-1)x)-\sin((n-2)x).}
sin
θ
2
=
sgn
(
sin
θ
2
)
1
−
cos
θ
2
cos
θ
2
=
sgn
(
cos
θ
2
)
1
+
cos
θ
2
tan
θ
2
=
1
−
cos
θ
sin
θ
=
sin
θ
1
+
cos
θ
=
csc
θ
−
cot
θ
=
tan
θ
1
+
sec
θ
=
sgn
(
sin
θ
)
1
−
cos
θ
1
+
cos
θ
=
−
1
+
sgn
(
cos
θ
)
1
+
tan
2
θ
tan
θ
cot
θ
2
=
1
+
cos
θ
sin
θ
=
sin
θ
1
−
cos
θ
=
csc
θ
+
cot
θ
=
sgn
(
sin
θ
)
1
+
cos
θ
1
−
cos
θ
sec
θ
2
=
sgn
(
cos
θ
2
)
2
1
+
cos
θ
csc
θ
2
=
sgn
(
sin
θ
2
)
2
1
−
cos
θ
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}&=\operatorname {sgn} \left(\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right){\sqrt {\frac {1-\cos \theta }{2}}}\\[3pt]\cos {\frac {\theta }{2}}&=\operatorname {sgn} \left(\cos {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right){\sqrt {\frac {1+\cos \theta }{2}}}\\[3pt]\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}&={\frac {1-\cos \theta }{\sin \theta }}={\frac {\sin \theta }{1+\cos \theta }}=\csc \theta -\cot \theta ={\frac {\tan \theta }{1+\sec {\theta }}}\\[6mu]&=\operatorname {sgn}(\sin \theta ){\sqrt {\frac {1-\cos \theta }{1+\cos \theta }}}={\frac {-1+\operatorname {sgn}(\cos \theta ){\sqrt {1+\tan ^{2}\theta }}}{\tan \theta }}\\[3pt]\cot {\frac {\theta }{2}}&={\frac {1+\cos \theta }{\sin \theta }}={\frac {\sin \theta }{1-\cos \theta }}=\csc \theta +\cot \theta =\operatorname {sgn}(\sin \theta ){\sqrt {\frac {1+\cos \theta }{1-\cos \theta }}}\\\sec {\frac {\theta }{2}}&=\operatorname {sgn} \left(\cos {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right){\sqrt {\frac {2}{1+\cos \theta }}}\\\csc {\frac {\theta }{2}}&=\operatorname {sgn} \left(\sin {\frac {\theta }{2}}\right){\sqrt {\frac {2}{1-\cos \theta }}}\\\end{aligned}}}
Obtido resolvendo a segunda e terceira versións da fórmula do ángulo duplo do coseno.
Seno
Coseno
Outros
sin
2
θ
=
1
−
cos
(
2
θ
)
2
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta ={\frac {1-\cos(2\theta )}{2}}}
cos
2
θ
=
1
+
cos
(
2
θ
)
2
{\displaystyle \cos ^{2}\theta ={\frac {1+\cos(2\theta )}{2}}}
sin
2
θ
cos
2
θ
=
1
−
cos
(
4
θ
)
8
{\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\theta \cos ^{2}\theta ={\frac {1-\cos(4\theta )}{8}}}
sin
3
θ
=
3
sin
θ
−
sin
(
3
θ
)
4
{\displaystyle \sin ^{3}\theta ={\frac {3\sin \theta -\sin(3\theta )}{4}}}
cos
3
θ
=
3
cos
θ
+
cos
(
3
θ
)
4
{\displaystyle \cos ^{3}\theta ={\frac {3\cos \theta +\cos(3\theta )}{4}}}
sin
3
θ
cos
3
θ
=
3
sin
(
2
θ
)
−
sin
(
6
θ
)
32
{\displaystyle \sin ^{3}\theta \cos ^{3}\theta ={\frac {3\sin(2\theta )-\sin(6\theta )}{32}}}
sin
4
θ
=
3
−
4
cos
(
2
θ
)
+
cos
(
4
θ
)
8
{\displaystyle \sin ^{4}\theta ={\frac {3-4\cos(2\theta )+\cos(4\theta )}{8}}}
cos
4
θ
=
3
+
4
cos
(
2
θ
)
+
cos
(
4
θ
)
8
{\displaystyle \cos ^{4}\theta ={\frac {3+4\cos(2\theta )+\cos(4\theta )}{8}}}
sin
4
θ
cos
4
θ
=
3
−
4
cos
(
4
θ
)
+
cos
(
8
θ
)
128
{\displaystyle \sin ^{4}\theta \cos ^{4}\theta ={\frac {3-4\cos(4\theta )+\cos(8\theta )}{128}}}
sin
5
θ
=
10
sin
θ
−
5
sin
(
3
θ
)
+
sin
(
5
θ
)
16
{\displaystyle \sin ^{5}\theta ={\frac {10\sin \theta -5\sin(3\theta )+\sin(5\theta )}{16}}}
cos
5
θ
=
10
cos
θ
+
5
cos
(
3
θ
)
+
cos
(
5
θ
)
16
{\displaystyle \cos ^{5}\theta ={\frac {10\cos \theta +5\cos(3\theta )+\cos(5\theta )}{16}}}
sin
5
θ
cos
5
θ
=
10
sin
(
2
θ
)
−
5
sin
(
6
θ
)
+
sin
(
10
θ
)
512
{\displaystyle \sin ^{5}\theta \cos ^{5}\theta ={\frac {10\sin(2\theta )-5\sin(6\theta )+\sin(10\theta )}{512}}}
cos
θ
cos
φ
=
1
2
(
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
+
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
)
sin
θ
sin
φ
=
1
2
(
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
−
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
)
sin
θ
cos
φ
=
1
2
(
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
+
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
)
cos
θ
sin
φ
=
1
2
(
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
−
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\cos \theta \,\cos \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\cos(\theta -\varphi )+\cos(\theta +\varphi ){\bigr )}\\[3mu]\sin \theta \,\sin \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\cos(\theta -\varphi )-\cos(\theta +\varphi ){\bigr )}\\[3mu]\sin \theta \,\cos \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\sin(\theta +\varphi )+\sin(\theta -\varphi ){\bigr )}\\[3mu]\cos \theta \,\sin \varphi &={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\bigl (}\!\!~\sin(\theta +\varphi )-\sin(\theta -\varphi ){\bigr )}\end{aligned}}}
tan
θ
tan
φ
=
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
−
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
cos
(
θ
−
φ
)
+
cos
(
θ
+
φ
)
{\displaystyle \tan \theta \,\tan \varphi ={\frac {\cos(\theta -\varphi )-\cos(\theta +\varphi )}{\cos(\theta -\varphi )+\cos(\theta +\varphi )}}}
tan
θ
cot
φ
=
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
+
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
sin
(
θ
+
φ
)
−
sin
(
θ
−
φ
)
{\displaystyle \tan \theta \,\cot \varphi ={\frac {\sin(\theta +\varphi )+\sin(\theta -\varphi )}{\sin(\theta +\varphi )-\sin(\theta -\varphi )}}}
∏
k
=
1
n
cos
θ
k
=
1
2
n
∑
e
∈
S
cos
(
e
1
θ
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
θ
n
)
where
e
=
(
e
1
,
…
,
e
n
)
∈
S
=
{
1
,
−
1
}
n
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\prod _{k=1}^{n}\cos \theta _{k}&={\frac {1}{2^{n}}}\sum _{e\in S}\cos(e_{1}\theta _{1}+\cdots +e_{n}\theta _{n})\\[6pt]&{\text{where }}e=(e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n})\in S=\{1,-1\}^{n}\end{aligned}}}
∏
k
=
1
n
sin
θ
k
=
(
−
1
)
⌊
n
2
⌋
2
n
{
∑
e
∈
S
cos
(
e
1
θ
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
θ
n
)
∏
j
=
1
n
e
j
if
n
is even
,
∑
e
∈
S
sin
(
e
1
θ
1
+
⋯
+
e
n
θ
n
)
∏
j
=
1
n
e
j
if
n
is odd
{\displaystyle \prod _{k=1}^{n}\sin \theta _{k}={\frac {(-1)^{\left\lfloor {\frac {n}{2}}\right\rfloor }}{2^{n}}}{\begin{cases}\displaystyle \sum _{e\in S}\cos(e_{1}\theta _{1}+\cdots +e_{n}\theta _{n})\prod _{j=1}^{n}e_{j}\;{\text{if}}\;n\;{\text{is even}},\\\displaystyle \sum _{e\in S}\sin(e_{1}\theta _{1}+\cdots +e_{n}\theta _{n})\prod _{j=1}^{n}e_{j}\;{\text{if}}\;n\;{\text{is odd}}\end{cases}}}
As identidades de suma a produto son as seguintes:
sin
θ
±
sin
φ
=
2
sin
(
θ
±
φ
2
)
cos
(
θ
∓
φ
2
)
{\displaystyle \sin \theta \pm \sin \varphi =2\sin \left({\frac {\theta \pm \varphi }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {\theta \mp \varphi }{2}}\right)}
cos
θ
+
cos
φ
=
2
cos
(
θ
+
φ
2
)
cos
(
θ
−
φ
2
)
{\displaystyle \cos \theta +\cos \varphi =2\cos \left({\frac {\theta +\varphi }{2}}\right)\cos \left({\frac {\theta -\varphi }{2}}\right)}
cos
θ
−
cos
φ
=
−
2
sin
(
θ
+
φ
2
)
sin
(
θ
−
φ
2
)
{\displaystyle \cos \theta -\cos \varphi =-2\sin \left({\frac {\theta +\varphi }{2}}\right)\sin \left({\frac {\theta -\varphi }{2}}\right)}
tan
θ
±
tan
φ
=
sin
(
θ
±
φ
)
cos
θ
cos
φ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta \pm \tan \varphi ={\frac {\sin(\theta \pm \varphi )}{\cos \theta \,\cos \varphi }}}
A fórmula de Euler indica que, para calquera número real x :
e
i
x
=
cos
x
+
i
sin
x
,
{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x,}
onde i é a unidade imaxinaria . Substituíndo −x por x dános:
e
−
i
x
=
cos
(
−
x
)
+
i
sin
(
−
x
)
=
cos
x
−
i
sin
x
.
{\displaystyle e^{-ix}=\cos(-x)+i\sin(-x)=\cos x-i\sin x.}
Estas dúas ecuacións pódense usar para resolver o coseno e o seno en termos da función exponencial . En concreto,
cos
x
=
e
i
x
+
e
−
i
x
2
{\displaystyle \cos x={\frac {e^{ix}+e^{-ix}}{2}}}
sin
x
=
e
i
x
−
e
−
i
x
2
i
{\displaystyle \sin x={\frac {e^{ix}-e^{-ix}}{2i}}}
Estas fórmulas son útiles para demostrar moitas outras identidades trigonométricas. Por exemplo, que e i (θ +φ ) = e iθ e iφ significa que
cos(θ + φ ) + i sin(θ + φ ) = (cos θ + i sin θ ) (cos φ + i sin φ ) = (cos θ cos φ − sin θ sin φ ) + i (cos θ sin φ + sin θ cos φ ) .
Que a parte real do lado esquerdo sexa igual á parte real do lado dereito é unha fórmula de suma de ángulos para o coseno. A igualdade das partes imaxinarias dá unha fórmula de suma de ángulos para o seno.
A seguinte táboa expresa as funcións trigonométricas e as súas inversas en función da función exponencial e do logaritmo complexo.
Función
Función inversa[ 6]
sin
θ
=
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
2
i
{\displaystyle \sin \theta ={\frac {e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}{2i}}}
arcsin
x
=
−
i
ln
(
i
x
+
1
−
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \arcsin x=-i\,\ln \left(ix+{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}\right)}
cos
θ
=
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
2
{\displaystyle \cos \theta ={\frac {e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}{2}}}
arccos
x
=
−
i
ln
(
x
+
x
2
−
1
)
{\displaystyle \arccos x=-i\ln \left(x+{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\right)}
tan
θ
=
−
i
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \tan \theta =-i\,{\frac {e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}{e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}}}
arctan
x
=
i
2
ln
(
i
+
x
i
−
x
)
{\displaystyle \arctan x={\frac {i}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {i+x}{i-x}}\right)}
csc
θ
=
2
i
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \csc \theta ={\frac {2i}{e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}}}
arccsc
x
=
−
i
ln
(
i
x
+
1
−
1
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccsc} x=-i\,\ln \left({\frac {i}{x}}+{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}\right)}
sec
θ
=
2
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \sec \theta ={\frac {2}{e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}}}
arcsec
x
=
−
i
ln
(
1
x
+
i
1
−
1
x
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arcsec} x=-i\,\ln \left({\frac {1}{x}}+i{\sqrt {1-{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}}}\right)}
cot
θ
=
i
e
i
θ
+
e
−
i
θ
e
i
θ
−
e
−
i
θ
{\displaystyle \cot \theta =i\,{\frac {e^{i\theta }+e^{-i\theta }}{e^{i\theta }-e^{-i\theta }}}}
arccot
x
=
i
2
ln
(
x
−
i
x
+
i
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccot} x={\frac {i}{2}}\ln \left({\frac {x-i}{x+i}}\right)}
cis
θ
=
e
i
θ
{\displaystyle \operatorname {cis} \theta =e^{i\theta }}
arccis
x
=
−
i
ln
x
{\displaystyle \operatorname {arccis} x=-i\ln x}
Nota: cis é unha notación que indica coseno e a parte imaxinaria (i) para o seno .
As funcións trigonométricas pódense deducir de funcións hiperbólicas con argumentos complexos . As fórmulas para as relacións móstranse a continuación[ 7] [ 8]
sin
x
=
−
i
sinh
(
i
x
)
cos
x
=
cosh
(
i
x
)
tan
x
=
−
i
tanh
(
i
x
)
cot
x
=
i
coth
(
i
x
)
sec
x
=
sech
(
i
x
)
csc
x
=
i
csch
(
i
x
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin x&=-i\sinh(ix)\\\cos x&=\cosh(ix)\\\tan x&=-i\tanh(ix)\\\cot x&=i\coth(ix)\\\sec x&=\operatorname {sech} (ix)\\\csc x&=i\operatorname {csch} (ix)\\\end{aligned}}}
Cando se utiliza unha expansión de serie de potencias para definir funcións trigonométricas, obtéñense as seguintes identidades:
sin
x
=
x
−
x
3
3
!
+
x
5
5
!
−
x
7
7
!
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
x
2
n
+
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
,
{\displaystyle \sin x=x-{\frac {x^{3}}{3!}}+{\frac {x^{5}}{5!}}-{\frac {x^{7}}{7!}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}},}
cos
x
=
1
−
x
2
2
!
+
x
4
4
!
−
x
6
6
!
+
⋯
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
x
2
n
(
2
n
)
!
.
{\displaystyle \cos x=1-{\frac {x^{2}}{2!}}+{\frac {x^{4}}{4!}}-{\frac {x^{6}}{6!}}+\cdots =\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n}x^{2n}}{(2n)!}}.}
Para aplicacións con funcións especiais, son útiles as seguintes fórmulas de produtos infinitos para funcións trigonométricas.
Funcións trigonométricas circulares:
sin
x
=
x
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
−
x
2
π
2
n
2
)
,
cos
x
=
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
−
x
2
π
2
(
n
−
1
2
)
)
2
)
.
Funcións trigonométricas hiperbólicas:
sinh
x
=
x
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
+
x
2
π
2
n
2
)
,
cosh
x
=
∏
n
=
1
∞
(
1
+
x
2
π
2
(
n
−
1
2
)
)
2
)
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\text{Funcións trigonométricas circulares:}}\\\sin x&=x\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\right),&\cos x&=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}\left(n-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\!{\vphantom {)}}^{2}}}\right).\\[10mu]&{\text{Funcións trigonométricas hiperbólicas:}}\\[10mu]\sinh x&=x\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\right),&\cosh x&=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }\left(1+{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}\left(n-{\frac {1}{2}}\right)\!{\vphantom {)}}^{2}}}\right).\end{aligned}}}
As seguintes identidades dan o resultado de compoñer unha función trigonométrica cunha función trigonométrica inversa.[ 9]
sin
(
arcsin
x
)
=
x
cos
(
arcsin
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
tan
(
arcsin
x
)
=
x
1
−
x
2
sin
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
cos
(
arccos
x
)
=
x
tan
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
−
x
2
x
sin
(
arctan
x
)
=
x
1
+
x
2
cos
(
arctan
x
)
=
1
1
+
x
2
tan
(
arctan
x
)
=
x
sin
(
arccsc
x
)
=
1
x
cos
(
arccsc
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
x
tan
(
arccsc
x
)
=
1
x
2
−
1
sin
(
arcsec
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
x
cos
(
arcsec
x
)
=
1
x
tan
(
arcsec
x
)
=
x
2
−
1
sin
(
arccot
x
)
=
1
1
+
x
2
cos
(
arccot
x
)
=
x
1
+
x
2
tan
(
arccot
x
)
=
1
x
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\sin(\arcsin x)&=x&\cos(\arcsin x)&={\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}&\tan(\arcsin x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}\\\sin(\arccos x)&={\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}&\cos(\arccos x)&=x&\tan(\arccos x)&={\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{x}}\\\sin(\arctan x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\cos(\arctan x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\tan(\arctan x)&=x\\\sin(\operatorname {arccsc} x)&={\frac {1}{x}}&\cos(\operatorname {arccsc} x)&={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}&\tan(\operatorname {arccsc} x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}}\\\sin(\operatorname {arcsec} x)&={\frac {\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}{x}}&\cos(\operatorname {arcsec} x)&={\frac {1}{x}}&\tan(\operatorname {arcsec} x)&={\sqrt {x^{2}-1}}\\\sin(\operatorname {arccot} x)&={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\cos(\operatorname {arccot} x)&={\frac {x}{\sqrt {1+x^{2}}}}&\tan(\operatorname {arccot} x)&={\frac {1}{x}}\\\end{aligned}}}
Tomando o inverso multiplicativo de ambos os dous lados de cada ecuación anterior resultan as ecuacións para
csc
=
1
sin
,
sec
=
1
cos
,
and
cot
=
1
tan
.
{\displaystyle \csc ={\frac {1}{\sin }},\;\sec ={\frac {1}{\cos }},{\text{ and }}\cot ={\frac {1}{\tan }}.}
O lado dereito da fórmula anterior sempre se invertirá.
Por exemplo, a ecuación para
cot
(
arcsin
x
)
{\displaystyle \cot(\arcsin x)}
é:
cot
(
arcsin
x
)
=
1
tan
(
arcsin
x
)
=
1
x
1
−
x
2
=
1
−
x
2
x
{\displaystyle \cot(\arcsin x)={\frac {1}{\tan(\arcsin x)}}={\frac {1}{\frac {x}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}}={\frac {\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}{x}}}
mentres que as ecuacións para
csc
(
arccos
x
)
{\displaystyle \csc(\arccos x)}
e
sec
(
arccos
x
)
{\displaystyle \sec(\arccos x)}
son:
csc
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
sin
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
1
−
x
2
.
{\displaystyle \csc(\arccos x)={\frac {1}{\sin(\arccos x)}}={\frac {1}{\sqrt {1-x^{2}}}}.}
sec
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
cos
(
arccos
x
)
=
1
x
.
{\displaystyle \sec(\arccos x)={\frac {1}{\cos(\arccos x)}}={\frac {1}{x}}.}
As seguintes identidades están implicadas polas identidades de reflexión. Mantéñense sempre que
x
,
r
,
s
,
−
x
,
−
r
,
e
−
s
{\displaystyle x,r,s,-x,-r,{\text{ e }}-s}
estean nos dominios das funcións relevantes.
π
2
=
arcsin
(
x
)
+
arccos
(
x
)
=
arctan
(
r
)
+
arccot
(
r
)
=
arcsec
(
s
)
+
arccsc
(
s
)
π
=
arccos
(
x
)
+
arccos
(
−
x
)
=
arccot
(
r
)
+
arccot
(
−
r
)
=
arcsec
(
s
)
+
arcsec
(
−
s
)
0
=
arcsin
(
x
)
+
arcsin
(
−
x
)
=
arctan
(
r
)
+
arctan
(
−
r
)
=
arccsc
(
s
)
+
arccsc
(
−
s
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{9}{\frac {\pi }{2}}~&=~\arcsin(x)&&+\arccos(x)~&&=~\arctan(r)&&+\operatorname {arccot}(r)~&&=~\operatorname {arcsec}(s)&&+\operatorname {arccsc}(s)\\[0.4ex]\pi ~&=~\arccos(x)&&+\arccos(-x)~&&=~\operatorname {arccot}(r)&&+\operatorname {arccot}(-r)~&&=~\operatorname {arcsec}(s)&&+\operatorname {arcsec}(-s)\\[0.4ex]0~&=~\arcsin(x)&&+\arcsin(-x)~&&=~\arctan(r)&&+\arctan(-r)~&&=~\operatorname {arccsc}(s)&&+\operatorname {arccsc}(-s)\\[1.0ex]\end{alignedat}}}
Tamén ,[ 10]
arctan
x
+
arctan
1
x
=
{
π
2
,
se
x
>
0
−
π
2
,
se
x
<
0
arccot
x
+
arccot
1
x
=
{
π
2
,
se
x
>
0
3
π
2
,
se
x
<
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\arctan x+\arctan {\dfrac {1}{x}}&={\begin{cases}{\frac {\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x>0\\-{\frac {\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x<0\end{cases}}\\\operatorname {arccot} x+\operatorname {arccot} {\dfrac {1}{x}}&={\begin{cases}{\frac {\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x>0\\{\frac {3\pi }{2}},&{\text{se }}x<0\end{cases}}\\\end{aligned}}}
arccos
1
x
=
arcsec
x
e
arcsec
1
x
=
arccos
x
{\displaystyle \arccos {\frac {1}{x}}=\operatorname {arcsec} x\qquad {\text{ e }}\qquad \operatorname {arcsec} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arccos x}
arcsin
1
x
=
arccsc
x
e
arccsc
1
x
=
arcsin
x
{\displaystyle \arcsin {\frac {1}{x}}=\operatorname {arccsc} x\qquad {\text{ e }}\qquad \operatorname {arccsc} {\frac {1}{x}}=\arcsin x}
A función arcotanxente pódese expandir como unha serie:[ 11]
arctan
(
n
x
)
=
∑
m
=
1
n
arctan
x
1
+
(
m
−
1
)
m
x
2
{\displaystyle \arctan(nx)=\sum _{m=1}^{n}\arctan {\frac {x}{1+(m-1)mx^{2}}}}
↑ Selby 1970
↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Weisstein, Eric W. "Trigonometric Addition Formulas" . MathWorld .
↑ 3,0 3,1 "angle sum identities" . www.milefoot.com .
↑ Selby 1970
↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Multiple-Angle Formulas" . mathworld.wolfram.com . Consultado o 2022-02-06 .
↑ Abramowitz and Stegun, p. 80, 4.4.26–31
↑ Hawkins, Faith Mary; Hawkins, J. Q. (March 1, 1969). Complex Numbers and Elementary Complex Functions (en english) . London: MacDonald Technical & Scientific London (publicado o 1968). p. 122. ISBN 978-0356025056 .
↑ Markushevich, A. I. (1966). The Remarkable Sine Function (en english) . New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 35–37, 81. ISBN 978-1483256313 .
↑ Abramowitz & Stegun 1972 , p. 73, 4.3.45
↑ Wu, Rex H. "Proof Without Words: Euler's Arctangent Identity", Mathematics Magazine 77(3), June 2004, p. 189.
↑ S. M. Abrarov, R. K. Jagpal, R. Siddiqui and B. M. Quine (2021). Algorithmic determination of a large integer in the two-term Machin-like formula for π . Mathematics 9 . 2162. arXiv :2107.01027 . doi :10.3390/math9172162 .